Tangled: The Weave Between Diet, Addiction, and Hormones

/ lionstalkscience

By Zari McCullers

Ever wondered why some foods seem to have an irresistible hold on us, while others leave us indifferent? Moreover, have you ever had a drink or two, and feel like the cravings get even worse? Why does kicking bad habits feel like a tangled, uphill battle? Behind these compulsions are the complexities of diet, addiction, and hormones. Uncovering the mechanisms behind these behaviors is the objective for researchers across many disciplines – such as addiction neuroscience and reproductive endocrinology – collectively striving to unravel the intricate dance between our bodies and our habits.

The Neurobiological Underpinnings:

Addiction neuroscience research advances knowledge of the brain’s central role in all forms of addiction. The neurological epicenter of addiction lies in a section of the brain called the limbic system, housing key circuitry in addiction-related phenomena. Consisting of the central amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), among others, this region plays a crucial role in regulating our emotions and cravings, making it a key player in the addiction game (Figure 1). Discoveries have highlighted the intricate signaling interactions between the limbic system and other brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (involved in decision-making and impulse control) and the ventral tegmental area (crucial for reward processing and motivation). By studying the neurobiological mechanisms at play, scientists hope to uncover the underlying pathways driving addictive behaviors and pave the way for more effective treatment.

Figure 1. Intricate Neural Signaling Powers Addiction Behaviors. The brain regions featured play key roles in addiction outcomes. The flow of special chemical messengers called neurotransmitters foster interactions between these brain regions, making them “networks”. Among these neurotransmitters is dopamine, GABA, and glutamate. [7]

Understanding the Influence of Diet on Addiction:

Research shows that diets might influence our cravings and vulnerability to addiction. Diets prevalent in disadvantaged communities often pack a double punch: poor nutritional value and high-fat content1. These factors not only worsen health disparities but also fuel addiction tendencies. For instance, studies have shown that exposure to High-Fat Diets (HFD) can amplify alcohol intake in both humans and animal models. For example, in my own research under the mentorship of Dr. Yuval Silberman at Penn State College of Medicine, we discovered that binge consumption of HFD exacerbates binge alcohol intake in male mice2. But here’s the twist: the same was not observed in studies conducted in females. Surprisingly, in females, while HFD did promote binge eating, it did not lead to increased binge alcohol consumption—a stark contrast to the male response (Figure 2). With this, the conversation of sex differences in addiction is opened.

Figure 2. Effects of Binge Eating on Binge Alcohol Consumption in Male and Female Mice. Following binge eating, male mice exhibited significantly increased binge alcohol intake compared to non-binge eating controls (left graph). However, intriguingly, binge eating did not lead to a similar increase in binge alcohol consumption in female mice (right graph), highlighting sex-specific differences in the response to dietary-induced binge behaviors. Left graph source [2] Right graph used with permission from preliminary studies in the Silberman Lab at Penn State College of Medicine.

Sex Differences in Diet-Addiction Interactions:

Did you know that males and females, in both humans and rodent models, may respond differently to certain diets and addictive substances? While both sexes can experience cravings and addiction, studies suggest that there are nuanced differences in how our bodies react3. Understanding these distinctions can provide valuable insights for tailoring interventions and support strategies to address the unique needs of individuals.

An important piece of this conversation is one of the most significant sources of physiological distinction between males and females – hormones. These tiny chemical messengers wield a surprising amount of power over our cravings and behaviors. The collective study of sex hormones is called reproductive endocrinology, and often has interplay in other physiological processes. In females, hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle can impact everything from mood to appetite, potentially influencing susceptibility to addiction4. Furthermore, specific sex hormones, such as estrogen, have been shown to impact limbic system function5,6, deepening the significance of sex hormones in addiction. By delving into the complex interactions between hormones, diet, and addiction, researchers aim to unlock new pathways for intervention and support.

Implications for Future Research and Interventions:

As we continue exploring this topic, evidence shows that relationship between hormones, diet, and addiction is anything but straightforward. By untangling these complexities, we can develop more personalized solution and support strategies for individuals struggling with addiction. Moreover, this knowledge can inform broader efforts to address health disparities and promote well-being in our communities.

Conclusion:

So, the next time you find yourself grabbing for a tempting treat, reaching for that drink, or battling a stubborn habit – remember, there’s a whole lot more going on beneath the surface than meets the eye. But how can you, as someone navigating the complexities of everyday life, make use of this knowledge? It starts with simple awareness. Recognizing the factors at play in your cravings and behaviors can empower you to make informed choices. By understanding the intricate dance between hormones, diet, and addiction, we can take a step closer to reclaiming control over our health and well-being. Additionally, with progress in research and community education, we can continue to unravel the mysteries of the human body and harness the power of knowledge to build a healthier, happier world.

TL;DR

  • Diet, addiction, and hormones shape our cravings and behaviors
  • Nuanced differences exist in how males and females respond to certain diets and addictive substances
  • Hormonal fluctuations, especially in females, play a significant role in susceptibility to addiction
  • By unraveling these complexities, researchers aim to develop personalized interventions and support strategies, paving the way for healthier communities

Reference

  1. Neff, R. A., Palmer, A. M., Mckenzie, S. E., & Lawrence, R. S. (2009). Food Systems and Public Health Disparities. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition. 4(3–4), 282–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320240903337041
  2. Coker, C. R., Keller, B. N., Arnold, A. C., & Silberman, Y. (2020). Impact of High Fat Diet and Ethanol Consumption on Neurocircuitry Regulating Emotional Processing and Metabolic Function. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 601111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601111
  3. Flores-Bonilla, A., & Richardson, H. N. (2020). Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol research : current reviews, 40(2), 04. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.2.04
  4. Hirschberg, A. L. (2012). Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women. Maturitas, 71(3), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.016
  5. Erol, A., Ho, A. M. ‐C., Winham, S. J., & Karpyak, V. M. (2019). Sex hormones in alcohol consumption: A systematic review of evidence. Addiction Biology, 24(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12589
  6. ter Horst G. J. (2010). Estrogen in the limbic system. Vitamins and hormones, 82, 319–338. https://doi-org.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/10.1016/S0083-6729(10)82017-5
  7. Turlik, J., Wąsikiewicz, E., Domaradzka, A., Chrostek, G., Gniadzik, W., Domagalski, M., & Duda, P. (2021). GSK3β Activity in Reward Circuit Functioning and Addiction. NeuroSci, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040033

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